Concepts of Programming Languages Assignment - Chapter 2

Name : Ryanto Salim
Class : 02PCT
NIM : 1601231415

Review Questions

1. In what year was Plankalkul designed? In what year was that design publishes?
Designed in 1943 and Published in 1972

3. What does Plankalkul mean?
Program Calculus

7. Who developed the Speedcoding system for the IBM 701?
John Backus

8. Who developed Short Code? Why is Short Code called automatic programming?
John Mauchly. Because, it clearly simplified the programming process, but at the expense of execution time.

10. What was the most significant feature added to Fortran I to get Fortran II?
Independent compilation of subroutines

11. What control flow statements were added to Fortran IV to get Fortran 77?
Logical loop control statements

12. Which version of Fortran was the first to have any sort of dynamic variables?
Fortran IV

13. Which version of Fortran was the first to have character string handling?
Fortran 77

14. Why were linguists interested in artificial intelligence in the late 1950s?
Because, Linguists were concerned with natural language processing

15. What are the different data types and structures in Common LISP?
Records, arrays, complex numbers and character strings

17. What dialect of LISP is used for introductory programming courses at some universities?
Scheme

18. What two professional organizations together designed ALGOL 60?
GAMM and ACM

22. On what language was COBOL based?
English

23. In what year did the COBOL design process begin?
1959

24. What data structure that appeared in COBOL originated with Plankalkul?
Hierarchical data structures (records)

26.Which data type does the original BASIC language support?
Floating-point

36. Why is Prolog called a nonprocedural language?
Because, programming in logic programming languages is nonprocedural

Problem Set

2. Determine the capabilities of Short Code, and compare them with those of a contemporary programmable hand calculator.
Short Code clearly simplified the programming process, but at the expense of execution time. Short Code interpretation was approximately 50 times slower than machine code (hand calculator).

6. Make an educated guess as to the most common syntax error in C programs.
The most common syntax error in C i think is forget to end a statement with semicolon (;)

8. Describe in detail the two most important reasons, in your opinion, why Speedcoding did not become a very widely used language.
Because, Speedcoding fills up a lot of space on the disk so it's ineffective

13. What is the primary reason why C became more widely used than Fortran?
Because,  C is flexible and well suited for various applications and also a compiler for C was part of the widely used UNIX operating system in 1980s

14. What are the arguments both for and against the idea of a typeless language?
Typeless language allowing more flexibility but it also can create an ambiguity as to the contents of a variable

15. Are there any nonprocedural programming languages other than Prolog?
Yes there are, like Visual Basic and SQL

25. Give a brief general description of the Java servlet.
Java servlet is a Java programming language class used to extend the capabilities of a server. Although servlets can respond to any types of requests, they are commonly used to extend the applications hosted by web servers, so they can be thought of as Java Apllets that run on servers instead of in web browsers